{"id":1721,"date":"2022-05-03T14:44:30","date_gmt":"2022-05-03T12:44:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.oznamovatelia.sk\/?p=1599"},"modified":"2024-01-25T16:00:33","modified_gmt":"2024-01-25T15:00:33","slug":"komentar-verejna-mienka-je-na-strane-whistleblowerov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/10.0.3.10\/en\/komentar-verejna-mienka-je-na-strane-whistleblowerov\/","title":{"rendered":"Koment\u00e1r: Verejn\u00e1 mienka je na strane whistleblowerov"},"content":{"rendered":"

Vplyv socio-ekonomick\u00fdch faktorov na vn\u00edmanie whistleblowingu na Slovensku<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autori: Martin Kovani\u010d a \u013dudmila Chovancov\u00e1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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zobrazi\u0165 koment\u00e1r v pdf<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u00davod<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auton\u00f3mia organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u00f4sobenie mimo centralizovan\u00e9ho rozhodovania a politick\u00fdch vplyvov, je d\u00f4le\u017eitou podmienkou pre riadne fungovanie demokracie. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u0161ak so sebou prin\u00e1\u0161a aj potenci\u00e1lne riziko vytv\u00e1rania internej kult\u00fary a noriem, v r\u00e1mci ktor\u00fdch m\u00f4\u017ee doch\u00e1dza\u0165 k normaliz\u00e1cii problematick\u00e9ho spr\u00e1vania.[1]<\/a> Z toho d\u00f4vodu v demokratick\u00fdch spolo\u010dnostiach existuje ur\u010dit\u00e1 dilema auton\u00f3mie, ktor\u00e1 nazna\u010duje, \u017ee organiz\u00e1cie musia zosta\u0165 otvoren\u00e9 ur\u010dit\u00e9mu vonkaj\u0161iemu doh\u013eadu.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Za t\u00fdmto \u00fa\u010delom funguje politika zverej\u0148ovania, ktor\u00e1 vych\u00e1dza z predpokladu, \u017ee ob\u010dania maj\u00fa v niektor\u00fdch oh\u013eadoch pr\u00e1vo vedie\u0165, \u010do sa odohr\u00e1va vo vn\u00fatri \u0161t\u00e1tnych in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed, ale aj s\u00fakromn\u00fdch korpor\u00e1ci\u00ed a firiem. Tento posun smerom ku kult\u00fare transparentnosti so sebou priniesol n\u00e1stup akt\u00e9rov, ktor\u00e9 to monitoruj\u00fa – od \u0161t\u00e1tnych org\u00e1nov, ob\u010dianskej spolo\u010dnosti, think-tankov a\u017e po investigat\u00edvnych novin\u00e1rov.[3]<\/a> Tradi\u010dn\u00ed akt\u00e9ri v\u0161ak v r\u00e1mci politiky zverej\u0148ovania k organiz\u00e1ci\u00e1m pristupuj\u00fa smerom zvonku a niektor\u00e9 pochybenia s\u00fa tak  \u0165a\u017eko identifikovate\u013en\u00e9. Na ich odhalenie je potrebn\u00fd in\u00fd typ akt\u00e9rov – whistlebloweri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Whistleblower je pro-demokratick\u00fd akt\u00e9r.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Whistlebloweri (alebo oznamovatelia korupcie a pochyben\u00ed)<\/strong> maj\u00fa unik\u00e1tnu poz\u00edciu v tom, \u017ee sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa vo vn\u00fatri organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed a maj\u00fa pr\u00edstup k inform\u00e1ci\u00e1m, ktor\u00e9 nie s\u00fa dostupn\u00e9 in\u00fdm. S tradi\u010dn\u00fdmi akt\u00e9rmi ich v\u0161ak sp\u00e1ja, \u017ee konaj\u00fa vo verejnom z\u00e1ujme.<\/strong> S\u00fa teda motivovan\u00ed mor\u00e1lnym postojom a snahou o kolekt\u00edvne dobro, nie osobn\u00fdmi z\u00e1ujmami.[4]<\/a> Oznamovan\u00edm nekal\u00fdch prakt\u00edk preto prespievaj\u00fa k udr\u017eiavaniu demokratick\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t ak\u00fdmi s\u00fa transparentnos\u0165 a z\u00fa\u010dtovate\u013enos\u0165.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom je whistleblower vn\u00edman\u00fd na Slovensku?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cie\u013e tohto koment\u00e1ra je zodpoveda\u0165 ot\u00e1zku, ak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom s\u00fa na Slovensku vn\u00edman\u00ed whistlebloweri a ktor\u00e9 individu\u00e1lne faktory maj\u00fa vplyv na toto vn\u00edmanie. <\/strong>Tu prezentovan\u00e9 v\u00fdstupy s\u00fa s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou \u0161ir\u0161ieho bal\u00edka aktiv\u00edt realizovan\u00fdch na \u00darade na ochranu oznamovate\u013eov, ktor\u00fdch cie\u013eom je lep\u0161ie pochopenie fungovania whistleblowingu a jeho vn\u00edmania na Slovensku. Pred t\u00fdm, ako sa dostaneme k samotnej anal\u00fdze, predstav\u00edme pojem whistleblowing a v kr\u00e1tkosti sa budeme venova\u0165 aj faktorom, ktor\u00e9 vn\u00edmanie whistleblowingu ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa. N\u00e1sledne predstav\u00edme v\u00fdsledky \u0161tatistickej anal\u00fdzy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010co je to whistleblowing?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Whistleblowing sa v \u0161ir\u0161om pon\u00edman\u00ed d\u00e1 ch\u00e1pa\u0165 ako odpove\u010f na ur\u010dit\u00fa etick\u00fa dilemu, s ktorou sa jednotlivec stretne pri v\u00fdkone svojej pr\u00e1ce. Predstavuje \u00famyseln\u00fd a dobrovo\u013en\u00fd akt zverejnenia, ktor\u00fd vykonala osoba, ktor\u00e1 m\u00e1 alebo mala privilegovan\u00fd pr\u00edstup k \u00fadajom alebo inform\u00e1ci\u00e1m o poru\u0161eniach alebo nez\u00e1konnom konan\u00ed v r\u00e1mci organiz\u00e1cie, ktorej sa ozn\u00e1menie dot\u00fdka a tento akt zverejnenia je uroben\u00fd smerom k org\u00e1nu, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 pr\u00e1vomoc a kapacitu toto poru\u0161enie napravi\u0165.[6]<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Whistleblowing vo svojej podstate predstavuje naru\u0161enie lojality k zamestn\u00e1vate\u013eovi a to sa deje pr\u00e1ve v pr\u00edpadoch, kedy s\u00fa zisten\u00e9 poru\u0161enia v rozpore s etickou v\u00fdbavou jednotlivca, ktor\u00fd ich identifikuje.<\/strong> Poru\u0161enie m\u00f4\u017ee oznamovate\u013e ozn\u00e1mi\u0165 v z\u00e1sade dvomi kan\u00e1lmi. Pri internom whistleblowingu sa ozn\u00e1menie pod\u00e1va pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9mu oddeleniu v r\u00e1mci vlastnej organiz\u00e1cie. Pri externom je ozn\u00e1menie podan\u00e9 vonkaj\u0161ej organiz\u00e1cii \u2013 m\u00f4\u017eu to by\u0165 org\u00e1ny \u010dinn\u00e9 v trestnom konan\u00ed, pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd spr\u00e1vny org\u00e1n, m\u00e9di\u00e1, pr\u00edpadne aj pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1tne organiz\u00e1cie, ktor\u00fdch funkciou je ochrana whistleblowerov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie naru\u0161enie lojality k organiz\u00e1cii predstavuje najm\u00e4 extern\u00fd whistleblowing, pri ktorom jednotlivcom \u010dasto hrozia z\u00e1va\u017enej\u0161ie odvetn\u00e9 opatrenia zo strany organiz\u00e1cie. Vo v\u0161eobecnosti s\u00fa pri tomto type ozn\u00e1menia poru\u0161enia lep\u0161ie zdokumentovan\u00e9 a je to efekt\u00edvnej\u0161ia cesta pre prijatie n\u00e1pravn\u00fdch opatren\u00ed v r\u00e1mci organiz\u00e1cie.[7]<\/a> Aj z toho d\u00f4vodu zohr\u00e1va v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu rolu v r\u00e1mci polit\u00edk zverej\u0148ovania a dosahovania systematick\u00fdch n\u00e1pravn\u00fdch opatren\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010co ovplyv\u0148uje vn\u00edmanie whistleblowingu?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rozhodnutie urobi\u0165 ozn\u00e1menie ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa tri skupiny faktorov: individu\u00e1lne, situa\u010dn\u00e9 a environment\u00e1lne.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdskum whistleblowingu sa s\u00fastre\u010fuje na faktory, ktor\u00e9 ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa rozhodnutie, \u010di jednotlivec ozn\u00e1mi protipr\u00e1vne konanie alebo pochybenie, ktor\u00e9 identifikoval v r\u00e1mci svojej organiz\u00e1cie.<\/strong> Toto rozhodnutie ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa tri skupiny faktorov. Prvou s\u00fa individu\u00e1lne faktory, teda osobn\u00e9 charakteristiky jednotlivca. Druhou s\u00fa tzv. situa\u010dn\u00e9 faktory, ktor\u00e9 reflektuj\u00fa kontext a typ identifikovan\u00e9ho pochybenia. Tie sa s\u00fastre\u010fuj\u00fa najm\u00e4 na charakteristiky organiz\u00e1cie (kult\u00fara a normy) a charakteristiky pochybenia (typ pochybenia a jeho vn\u00edman\u00e1 z\u00e1va\u017enos\u0165). Poslednou skupinou s\u00fa tzv. environment\u00e1lne faktory, ktor\u00e9 zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa \u0161ir\u0161ie kult\u00farne charakteristiky danej krajiny.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ucelen\u00fd v\u00fdskum VN\u00cdMANIA whistleblowingu verejnos\u0165ou zatia\u013e neexistuje.<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ke\u010f\u017ee ucelen\u00fd v\u00fdskum vn\u00edmania whistleblwoingu zo strany \u0161ir\u0161ej spolo\u010dnosti zatia\u013e neexistuje,[9]<\/strong><\/a> rovnak\u00e9 delenie faktorov aplikujeme aj na vn\u00edmanie whistleblowingu zo strany obyvate\u013estva.<\/strong> V r\u00e1mci tu prezentovan\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumu sa s\u00fastred\u00edme v\u00fdlu\u010dne na individu\u00e1lne faktory. Cie\u013eom tohto koment\u00e1ra je zodpoveda\u0165 ot\u00e1zku, ktor\u00e9 individu\u00e1lne faktory maj\u00fa vplyv na vn\u00edmanie whistleblowingu u slovenskej popul\u00e1cie a ktor\u00e9 naopak nemaj\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Metodol\u00f3gia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vn\u00edmanie whisleblowingu sme analyzovali line\u00e1rnou regresnou anal\u00fdzou.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e1ta boli zbieran\u00e9 prieskumnou agent\u00farou Focus v r\u00e1mci reprezentat\u00edvneho prieskumu Omnibus, ktor\u00fd bol realizovan\u00fd na vzorke 1017 respondentov v obdob\u00ed od 19.1. do 26.1. 2022. Vn\u00edmanie whistleblowingu bolo analyzovan\u00e9 pomocou line\u00e1rnej regresnej anal\u00fdzy[10]<\/a>, v r\u00e1mci ktorej z\u00e1vislou premennou bol n\u00e1zor na whistleblowera a nez\u00e1visl\u00fdmi premenn\u00fdmi pohlavie, vek, n\u00e1rodnos\u0165, vzdelanie, v\u00fd\u0161ka pr\u00edjmu, zamestnanie, ve\u013ekos\u0165 s\u00eddla, politick\u00e1 sebaidentifik\u00e1cia a frekvencia pou\u017e\u00edvania internetu. Detailn\u00fd preh\u013ead je v Tabu\u013eke 1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Tabu\u013eka 1: Preh\u013ead premenn\u00fdch<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vn\u00edmaj\u00fa whistleblowing pozit\u00edvnej\u0161ie \u013eudia s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm vzdelan\u00edm, pr\u00edjmom a z v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch s\u00eddiel?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Model vych\u00e1dzal z predpokladov, \u017ee individu\u00e1lne faktory bud\u00fa ma\u0165 aspo\u0148 nejak\u00fd efekt na vn\u00edmanie whistleblowingu a \u017ee pozit\u00edvnej\u0161ie vn\u00edmanie bude najm\u00e4 u respondentov s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm vzdelan\u00edm, pr\u00edjmom a z v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch s\u00eddel.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdsledky anal\u00fdzy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

58% Slov\u00e1kov a Sloveniek by malo pozit\u00edvny n\u00e1zor na svojho kolegu whistleblowera.<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"
Graf 1: N\u00e1zor na whistleblowerov<\/em>
Zdroj: Vlastn\u00e9 spracovanie<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Na z\u00e1klade prieskumu verejnej mienky sa d\u00e1 kon\u0161tatova\u0165, \u017ee na Slovensku prevl\u00e1da pozit\u00edvny n\u00e1zor na whistleblowerov.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po predstaven\u00ed hypotetickej situ\u00e1cie[11]<\/a> a\u017e 58,1 percenta \u013eud\u00ed uviedlo, \u017ee by na oznamovate\u013ea korupcie malo pozit\u00edvny n\u00e1zor. Ve\u013emi negat\u00edvny n\u00e1zor deklarovalo len 5,7 percenta respondentov. Relat\u00edvne vysok\u00e9 pozit\u00edvne hodnoty vn\u00edmania oznamovate\u013eov s\u00fa v s\u00falade s v\u00fdsledkami podobn\u00fdch prieskumov aj v in\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch.[12]<\/a> Detailnej\u0161\u00ed preh\u013ead je v Grafe 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1zor ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa pozit\u00edvne pr\u00edjem a politick\u00e1 sebaidentifik\u00e1cia ako centrista.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

K najsilnej\u0161\u00edm prediktorom pozit\u00edvneho vn\u00edmania whistleblowerov patr\u00ed pr\u00edjem<\/strong> (so zvy\u0161uj\u00facim sa pr\u00edjmom sa zvy\u0161uje aj pozit\u00edvne vn\u00edmanie oznamovate\u013eov) a politick\u00e1 sebaidentifik\u00e1cia ako centristu<\/strong>, v porovnan\u00ed s referen\u010dnou kateg\u00f3riou \u013eavi\u010diar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pr\u00edjem bol v prieskume meran\u00fd ako pr\u00edjem dom\u00e1cnosti. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pr\u00edjem m\u00f4\u017ee vysvet\u013eova\u0165 pozit\u00edvnej\u0161ie vn\u00edmanie z d\u00f4vodu, \u017ee lep\u0161ie finan\u010dn\u00e9 zabezpe\u010denie vytv\u00e1ra ekonomick\u00fa stabilitu a aj z toho d\u00f4vodu sa tak\u00fdto \u013eudia v pracovn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahoch nec\u00edtia a\u017e tak\u00ed ohrozen\u00ed.[13]<\/a> T\u00fdm p\u00e1dom aj samotn\u00fd whistleblowing je vn\u00edman\u00fd ako pozit\u00edvny fenom\u00e9n. Druh\u00fdm prediktorom je politick\u00fd centrizmus. Tu je mo\u017en\u00fdm vysvetlen\u00edm, \u017ee u politicky umiernenej\u0161\u00edch \u013eud\u00ed nehr\u00e1 pri posudzovan\u00ed whistleblowerov \u017eiadnu rolu politika a mo\u017en\u00e9 politick\u00e9 mot\u00edvy aktu uskuto\u010dnenia ozn\u00e1menia. Toto vysvetlenie by si v\u0161ak \u017eiadalo \u010fal\u0161ie kvalitat\u00edvne presk\u00famanie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Naopak n\u00e1zor ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa negat\u00edvne menej \u010dast\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvanie internetu a ma\u010farsk\u00e1 n\u00e1rodnos\u0165.<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na druhej strane, medzi \u0161tatisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 prediktory negat\u00edvnej\u0161ieho vn\u00edmania oznamovate\u013eov patr\u00ed menej \u010dast\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvanie internetu a ma\u010farsk\u00e1 n\u00e1rodnos\u0165.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pou\u017e\u00edvanie internetu m\u00e1 pomerne slab\u00fd efekt, ale napriek tomu sa d\u00e1 kon\u0161tatova\u0165, \u017ee s klesaj\u00facou frekvenciou jeho vyu\u017e\u00edvania sa n\u00e1zor na whistleblowera zhor\u0161uje. Vyu\u017e\u00edvanie internetu so sebou prinieslo vy\u0161\u0161ie n\u00e1roky obyvate\u013eov na transparentnos\u0165[14]<\/a> a u \u010dastej\u0161\u00edch u\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov preto mohlo prinies\u0165 aj pozit\u00edvnej\u0161ie vn\u00edmanie oznamovate\u013eov. T\u00e1to hypot\u00e9za by si av\u0161ak rovnako \u017eiadala \u010fal\u0161ie presk\u00famanie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edm prediktorom negat\u00edvnej\u0161ieho vn\u00edmania v na\u0161ich d\u00e1tach je ma\u010farsk\u00e1 n\u00e1rodnos\u0165. Jedn\u00fdm z mo\u017en\u00fdch vysvetlen\u00ed je, \u017ee t\u00edto \u010dlenovia etnickej minority s\u00fa v men\u0161ej miere ochotn\u00ed oznamova\u0165 pochybenia, preto\u017ee sa viac ob\u00e1vaj\u00fa odvetn\u00fdch opatren\u00ed[15]<\/a> a to mohlo ovplyvni\u0165 aj celkov\u00e9 hodnotenie whistleblowerov. Alternat\u00edvnym vysvetlen\u00edm tohto vz\u0165ahu m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 aj chyba vzorky, ke\u010f\u017ee zast\u00fapenie ma\u010farskej men\u0161iny bolo pomerne ni\u017e\u0161ie (n=95).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Druh zamestnania taktie\u017e nezohr\u00e1va \u017eiadnu rolu. Na vn\u00edmanie nem\u00e1 vplyv, \u010di je niekto podnikate\u013e alebo zamestnanec a ani, v akom odvetv\u00ed p\u00f4sob\u00ed (manu\u00e1lna, odborn\u00e1 alebo tvoriv\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca). Preh\u013ead cel\u00e9ho modelu je ni\u017e\u0161ie v Tabu\u013eke 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Celkovo individu\u00e1lne faktory pri vn\u00edman\u00ed nezohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa rozhoduj\u00facu rolu.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Tabu\u013eka 2: V\u00fdsledky regresnej anal\u00fdzy<\/em>
Zdroj: Vlastn\u00e9 spracovanie<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vo v\u0161eobecnosti sa d\u00e1 kon\u0161tatova\u0165, \u017ee individu\u00e1lne faktory nemaj\u00fa na hodnotenie whistleblowerov a\u017e tak\u00fd ve\u013ek\u00fd vplyv<\/strong> (hodnota spo\u013eahlivosti R n\u00e1\u0161ho modelu je len 0.081), a preto v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu vari\u00e1cie z\u00e1vislej premennej musia vysvet\u013eova\u0165 in\u00e9 individu\u00e1lne alebo sk\u00f4r situa\u010dn\u00e9 faktory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1ver<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia polovica obyvate\u013eov Slovenska vn\u00edma whistleblowerov pozit\u00edvne.<\/strong> To je v s\u00falade s relat\u00edvne vysok\u00fdmi hodnotami deklarovan\u00e9ho pozit\u00edvneho vn\u00edmania aj v in\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch, napr\u00edklad v \u00cdrsku[16]<\/a> a D\u00e1nsku.[17]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160tatistick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza individu\u00e1lnych faktorov a ich vplyvu uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee individu\u00e1lne socio-ekonomick\u00e9 faktory ani druh zamestnania nemaj\u00fa na vn\u00edmanie oznamovate\u013eov z\u00e1sadn\u00fd vplyv.<\/strong> Ako \u0161tatisticky signifikantn\u00e9 sa uk\u00e1zali len pr\u00edjem a politick\u00e1 sebaidentifik\u00e1cia ako centrista (tie ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa vn\u00edmanie pozit\u00edvne) a menej \u010dast\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvanie internetu a ma\u010farsk\u00e1 n\u00e1rodnos\u0165 (tie ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa vn\u00edmanie negat\u00edvne).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1zor na oznamovate\u013ea pravdepodobne ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa sk\u00f4r situa\u010dn\u00e9 faktory<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na hodnotenie whistleblowerov m\u00f4\u017eu, podobne ako pri rozhodovan\u00ed, \u010di nekal\u00fa \u010dinnos\u0165 ozn\u00e1mi\u0165, vpl\u00fdva\u0165 sk\u00f4r situa\u010dn\u00e9 faktory.<\/strong> Teda, ak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom si dok\u00e1\u017eu uveden\u00fa hypotetick\u00fa situ\u00e1ciu o whistleblowingu aplikova\u0165 na svoje vlastn\u00e9 pracovisko, na r\u00f4zne pochybenia, s ktor\u00fdmi sa stret\u00e1vaj\u00fa a organiza\u010dn\u00fa kult\u00faru, v r\u00e1mci ktorej funguj\u00fa. Tieto v\u00fdsledky preto otv\u00e1raj\u00fa viacero smerov \u010fal\u0161ieho v\u00fdskumu tejto problematiky. V bud\u00facnosti by mal by\u0165 d\u00f4raz kladen\u00fd sk\u00f4r na situa\u010dn\u00e9 faktory, na to, ako jednotlivci vn\u00edmaj\u00fa jednotliv\u00e9 typy korupcie a poru\u0161en\u00ed a ak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom kult\u00fara jednotliv\u00fdch organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje, alebo naopak zabra\u0148uje, podaniu ozn\u00e1men\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00daOO by nemalo cieli\u0165 komunik\u00e1ciu na z\u00e1klade socio-ekonomick\u00fdch faktorov.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Z na\u0161ich v\u00fdsledkov vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee pri rozvoji kult\u00fary oznamovania na Slovensku, tzv. \u201espeak-up culture\u201c, nie je potrebn\u00e9 aktivity \u00daradu na ochranu oznamovate\u013eov \u0161peci\u00e1lne cieli\u0165 na konkr\u00e9tne socio-ekonomick\u00e9 skupiny obyvate\u013estva.<\/strong> Naopak, cielenie by bolo zrejme kontraprodukt\u00edvne. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 snaha \u00faradu o zlep\u0161ovanie n\u00e1strojov oznamovania korupcie a pochyben\u00ed m\u00e1 zmysel vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch typoch organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed. Pozit\u00edvne vn\u00edmanie whistleblowingu je mo\u017en\u00e9 dosiahnu\u0165 rovnako u zamestnancov v priemysle, slu\u017eb\u00e1ch, ale aj v \u0161t\u00e1tnej spr\u00e1ve. V\u00fdzvou pre najbli\u017e\u0161ie mesiace m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 komunik\u00e1cia a \u0161pecifick\u00e9 cielenie aktiv\u00edt smerom na ma\u010farsk\u00fa men\u0161inu za \u00fa\u010delom zmeny ich postojov k whistleblowerom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preva\u017euje pozit\u00edvne vn\u00edmanie whistleblowerov a v bud\u00facnosti m\u00f4\u017eu zohra\u0165 v boji proti korupcii d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa \u00falohu<\/em><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Napriek tomu, \u017ee na Slovensku st\u00e1le nie je rozvinut\u00e1 kult\u00fara oznamovania korupcie, treba kon\u0161tatova\u0165, \u017ee pr\u00e1ve whistlebloweri m\u00f4\u017eu do bud\u00facnosti zohra\u0165 k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu pri ochrane verejn\u00e9ho z\u00e1ujmu a sfunk\u010d\u0148ovan\u00ed procesov z\u00fa\u010dtovate\u013enosti organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed. Verejn\u00e1 mienka je v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti sk\u00f4r na ich strane, ke\u010f\u017ee viac ako polovica Slov\u00e1kov a Sloveniek ich vn\u00edma pozit\u00edvne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Literat\u00fara<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ashforth, Blake a Vikas Anand. 2003. \u201cThe Normalization of Corruption in Organizations.\u201d Research in Organizational Behavior<\/em> 25, 1\u201352.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Caillier, Gerard. 2013. \u201cDo Employees Feel Comfortable Blowing the Whistle When Their Supervisors Practice Transformational Leadership?\u201d International Journal of Public Administration<\/em> 36(14), 1020-1028.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Culiberg, Barbara a Katarina Katja Miheli\u010d. 2017. \u201cThe Evolution of Whistleblowing Studies: A Critical Review and Research Agenda.\u201d Journal of Business Ethics<\/em> 146(4), 787-803.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deller, Rose. 2016. \u201cBook Review: The Rise of the Right to Know: Politics and the Culture of Transparency, 1945-1975 by Michael Schudson.\u201d Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/lsereviewofbooks\/2016\/03\/15\/book-review-the-rise-of-the-right-to-know-politics-and-the-culture-of-transparency-1945-1975-by-michael-schudson\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dworkin, Terry Morehead a Melissa S. Baucus. 1998. \u201cInternal vs. External Whistleblowers: A Comparison of Whistleblowering Processes.\u201d  Journal of Business Ethics<\/em> 17(12), 1281-1298.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grant, Colin. 2002. \u201cWhistle Blowers: Saints of Secular Culture.\u201d Journal of Business Ethics<\/em> 39, 391\u2013399.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jubb, Peter B. 1999. \u201cWhistleblowing: A Restrictive Definition and Interpretation.\u201d Journal of Business Ethics <\/em>21 (1), 77-94.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mansbach, Abraham. 2009. \u201cKeeping Democracy Vibrant: Whistleblowing as Truth\u2010Telling in the Workplace.\u201d Constellations<\/em> 16(3), 363-376.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Margetts, Helen. 2011. \u201cThe Internet and Transparency.\u201d The Political Quarterly<\/em> 82(4), 518-521.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Olesen, Thomas. 2021. \u201cDemocracy\u2019s Autonomy Dilemma: Whistleblowing and the Politics of Disclosure.\u201d Sociological Theory<\/em> 39(4), 245-264.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Olesen, Thomas. 2021. \u201cAmbivalence, Political Consensus and Conditionality: Support for Whistleblowing among Danish Employees.\u201d Scandinavian Political Studies<\/em> 44(1), 67-90.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Transparency International Ireland. 2017. Speak Up Report. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/transparency.ie\/resources\/whistleblowing\/speak-report-2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vadera, Abhijeet K., Ruth V. Aguilera a Brianna B. Caza. 2009. \u201cMaking Sense of Whistle-Blowing’s Antecedents: Learning from Research on Identity and Ethics Programs.\u201d Business Ethics Quarterly <\/em>19(4), 553-586.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> Blake Ashforth a Vikas Anand. 2003. \u201cThe Normalization of Corruption in Organizations.\u201d Research in Organizational Behavior<\/em> 25, 1\u201352.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> Thomas Olesen. 2021. \u201cDemocracy\u2019s Autonomy Dilemma: Whistleblowing and the Politics of Disclosure.\u201d Sociological Theory<\/em> 39(4), 245-264.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Rose Deller. 2016. \u201cBook Review: The Rise of the Right to Know: Politics and the Culture of Transparency, 1945-1975 by Michael Schudson.\u201d Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/lsereviewofbooks\/2016\/03\/15\/book-review-the-rise-of-the-right-to-know-politics-and-the-culture-of-transparency-1945-1975-by-michael-schudson\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> Colin Grant. 2002. \u201cWhistle Blowers: Saints of Secular Culture.\u201d Journal of Business Ethics<\/em> 39, 391\u2013399.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> Abraham Mansbach. 2009. \u201cKeeping Democracy Vibrant: Whistleblowing as Truth\u2010Telling in the Workplace.\u201d Constellations<\/em> 16(3), 363-376.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> Peter B. Jubb. 1999. \u201cWhistleblowing: A Restrictive Definition and Interpretation.\u201d Journal of Business Ethics<\/em> 21 (1), 78.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Terry Morehead Dworkin a Melissa S. Baucus. 1998. \u201cInternal vs. External Whistleblowers: A Comparison of Whistleblowering Processes.\u201d  Journal of Business Ethics<\/em> 17(12), 1281-1298.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a>  Barbara Culiberg a Katarina Katja Miheli\u010d. 2017. \u201cThe Evolution of Whistleblowing Studies: A Critical Review and Research Agenda.\u201d Journal of Business Ethics<\/em> 146(4), 787-803.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Thomas Olesen. 2021. \u201cAmbivalence, Political Consensus and Conditionality: Support for Whistleblowing among Danish Employees.\u201d Scandinavian Political Studies<\/em> 44(1), 68.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> Line\u00e1rna regresn\u00e1 anal\u00fdza bola zvolen\u00e1 z d\u00f4vodu, \u017ee vzdialenos\u0165 medzi jednotliv\u00fdmi hodnotami v r\u00e1mci z\u00e1vislej premennej sa d\u00e1 pova\u017eova\u0165 za rovnak\u00fa. Na overenie spr\u00e1vnosti sme vytvorili aj model ordin\u00e1lnej logistickej regresie, v r\u00e1mci ktor\u00e9ho vych\u00e1dzal najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed efekt u rovnak\u00fdch nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch premenn\u00fdch. Pred uskuto\u010dnen\u00edm line\u00e1rnej regresie sme taktie\u017e testovali asumpcie (normalita a hetero\/homoskedasticita) pre regresn\u00fa anal\u00fdzu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> Cel\u00e9 znenie ot\u00e1zky oh\u013eadom n\u00e1zoru na whistleblowera bolo: \u201eWhistleblower je zamestnanec, ktor\u00fd ohl\u00e1si nejak\u00fa nez\u00e1konn\u00fa \u010dinnos\u0165 (podvody alebo korupciu) svojich kolegov alebo nadriaden\u00fdch. Nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed pritom, \u010di to ohl\u00e1si \u0161peci\u00e1lnemu oddeleniu zamestn\u00e1vate\u013ea, alebo pol\u00edcii \u010di m\u00e9di\u00e1m. Predstavte si, \u017ee by v\u00e1\u0161 kolega ozn\u00e1mil korup\u010dn\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie alebo podvody in\u00e9ho kolegu \u010di nadriaden\u00e9ho. Ak\u00fd by ste mali na neho n\u00e1zor?\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> Napr. Olesen 2021 alebo Transparency International Ireland. 2017. Speak Up Report. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/transparency.ie\/resources\/whistleblowing\/speak-report-2017<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> Existuj\u00faci v\u00fdskum identifikoval pr\u00edjem ako jeden z konzistentn\u00fdch faktorov ovplyv\u0148uj\u00facich ochotu urobi\u0165 ozn\u00e1menie. \u010eal\u0161\u00edm z konzistentn\u00fdch faktorov bolo aj vzdelanie, ktor\u00e9 sa v na\u0161om modeli ako signifikantn\u00fd faktor nepotvrdilo. Viac v Abhijeet K. Vadera, Ruth V. Aguilera a Brianna B. Caza. 2009. \u201cMaking Sense of Whistle-Blowing’s Antecedents: Learning from Research on Identity and Ethics Programs.\u201d Business Ethics Quarterly<\/em> 19(4), 553-586.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Helen Margetts. 2011. \u201cThe Internet and Transparency.<\/a>\u201d The Political Quarterly<\/em> 82(4), 518-521.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Existuj\u00faci v\u00fdskum nazna\u010duje, \u017ee \u010dlenovia etnick\u00fdch a rasov\u00fdch minor\u00edt s\u00fa menej ochotn\u00ed oznamova\u0165 pochybenia, preto\u017ee v organiz\u00e1ci\u00e1ch, kde pracuj\u00fa, s\u00fa v mocensky nes\u00famern\u00fdch vz\u0165ahoch v porovnan\u00ed so zamestnancami z majoritnej \u010dasti spolo\u010dnosti. Viac detailov v James Gerard Caillier. 2013. \u201cDo Employees Feel Comfortable Blowing the Whistle When Their Supervisors Practice Transformational Leadership?\u201d International Journal of Public Administration<\/em> 36(14), 1020-1028.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> Olesen 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> Transparency International Ireland 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cie\u013eom tohto koment\u00e1ra bolo zisti\u0165, ak\u00e9 je vn\u00edmanie whistleblowerov v\u202fr\u00e1mci slovenskej spolo\u010dnosti a\u202fnako\u013eko toto vn\u00edmanie ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa individu\u00e1lne socio-ekonomick\u00e9 faktory. Anal\u00fdza bola preveden\u00e1 na z\u00e1klade d\u00e1t z\u202freprezentat\u00edvneho prieskumu na vzorke 1017 respondentov uskuto\u010dnen\u00e9ho od 19. 1. do 26. 1. 2022. Medzi hlavn\u00e9 zistenia patr\u00ed, \u017ee v\u202fslovenskej popul\u00e1cii prevl\u00e1da pozit\u00edvne vn\u00edmanie oznamovate\u013eov a\u202fz\u00e1rove\u0148 toto vn\u00edmanie vysvet\u013euj\u00fa individu\u00e1lne faktory len v\u202fminim\u00e1lnej miere. <\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2208,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[26,10],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nKoment\u00e1r: Verejn\u00e1 mienka je na strane whistleblowerov<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Auton\u00f3mia organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u00f4sobenie mimo centralizovan\u00e9ho rozhodovania a\u00a0politick\u00fdch vplyvov, je d\u00f4le\u017eitou podmienkou pre riadne fungovanie demokracie.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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